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NPT 2026 DRAFT OUTCOME DOCUMENT: TEXTUAL CHANGES

Zero Draft (CRP.2 / 6 May 2026) → Rev 1 Draft (CRP.2/Rev.1 / 13 May 2026)


PREAMBLE

(i) Treaty's Role and Purpose

ZERO DRAFT: "Declaring that the Treaty remains the cornerstone of the global nuclear-nonproliferation regime, the foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament, and an important element in fostering the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and essential to easing global tensions and promoting international peace and security,"

REV 1: "Declaring that the Treaty is the cornerstone of the global disarmament and nuclear-nonproliferation regime, a key instrument for fostering the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and integral to international peace and security,"

CHANGES:

  • "remains" → "is"
  • "global nuclear-nonproliferation regime, the foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament, and an important element in fostering" → "global disarmament and nuclear-nonproliferation regime, a key instrument for fostering"
  • Removed: "and essential to easing global tensions"
  • "integral to" (instead of final clause about peace and security)

(vi) Treaty Implementation

ZERO DRAFT: "Convinced that the urgent, full and effective implementation of the Treaty in all its aspects by all States Parties is essential to the integrity and credibility of the Treaty,"

REV 1: "Convinced that the urgent, full, effective, non-discriminatory and balanced implementation of the Treaty in all its aspects by all States Parties is essential to the integrity and credibility of the Treaty, and noting the importance of pursuing policies that are fully compatible with the Treaty,"

CHANGES:

  • Added: "non-discriminatory and balanced"
  • Added final clause: "and noting the importance of pursuing policies that are fully compatible with the Treaty,"

(viii) Full Implementation

ZERO DRAFT: "Noting the importance of the full, non-discriminatory, and balanced implementation of the Treaty, and of pursuing policies that are fully compatible with the Treaty,"

REV 1: [This paragraph was removed and its content partially merged into (vi)]

CHANGES:

  • Paragraph (viii) in Zero Draft describing implementation is removed in Rev 1
  • Content redistributed to preambular clause (vi)

(x) Article VI Implementation

ZERO DRAFT: "Affirming that the implementation of Article VI is essential to the maintenance and strengthening of the Treaty,"

REV 1: "Affirming that the urgent implementation of Article VI is essential to the credibility and strengthening of the Treaty,"

CHANGES:

  • Added: "urgent"
  • "maintenance and strengthening" → "credibility and strengthening"

(xi) Indefinite Extension [NEW in Rev 1]

REV 1 ONLY: "Emphasizing that the indefinite extension of the Treaty does not constitute an endorsement of the indefinite possession of nuclear weapons,"

CHANGES:

  • Entirely new preambular paragraph added in Rev 1

(xii) Nuclear Testing Norm [NEW in Rev 1]

REV 1 ONLY: "Underscoring the need to uphold and strengthen the norm against nuclear testing,"

CHANGES:

  • Entirely new preambular paragraph added in Rev 1

ARTICLE I & II SECTION

Paragraph 2 - Nuclear Sharing Arrangements

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference notes ongoing discussion regarding nuclear weapons sharing and extended deterrence arrangements, including in relation to the Treaty's long-term effectiveness and credibility. The Conference expresses concerns about the potential establishment of any new nuclear sharing arrangement. The Conference emphasizes that sustained dialogue on issues relevant to the implementation of Articles I and II can contribute to strengthening the Treaty, enhancing confidence, and advancing its objectives."

REV 1: "The Conference notes ongoing discussion regarding longstanding and evolving nuclear weapons sharing and extended deterrence arrangements, including in relation to non-proliferation and the Treaty's long-term effectiveness. The Conference emphasizes that sustained dialogue on issues relevant to the implementation of Articles I and II can contribute to strengthening the Treaty and its credibility, enhancing confidence, and advancing its objectives."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "longstanding and evolving"
  • "including in relation to the Treaty's long-term effectiveness and credibility" → "including in relation to non-proliferation and the Treaty's long-term effectiveness"
  • Removed entire sentence: "The Conference expresses concerns about the potential establishment of any new nuclear sharing arrangement."
  • "strengthening the Treaty, enhancing confidence" → "strengthening the Treaty and its credibility, enhancing confidence"

ARTICLE III SECTION (Safeguards)

Paragraph 4

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference emphasizes that the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are a fundamental component of the nuclear non-proliferation regime and are essential for peaceful nuclear commerce and cooperation. The Conference reaffirms that safeguards should be implemented in a manner consistent with article III, paragraph 3 of the Treaty."

REV 1: "The Conference emphasizes that the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are a fundamental component of the nuclear non-proliferation regime and play an indispensable role in the implementation of the Treaty and help to create an environment conducive to nuclear cooperation. The Conference reaffirms that safeguards should be implemented in a manner consistent with article III, paragraph 3 of the Treaty."

CHANGES:

  • "and are essential for peaceful nuclear commerce and cooperation" → "and play an indispensable role in the implementation of the Treaty and help to create an environment conducive to nuclear cooperation"

Paragraph 5

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference reaffirms that IAEA is the competent authority responsible for verifying and assuring, in accordance with the IAEA Statute and the IAEA safeguards system, compliance by States parties with the safeguards agreements undertaken in fulfilment of their obligations under article III, paragraph 1 of the Treaty, with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices."

REV 1: "The Conference reaffirms that IAEA is the competent authority responsible for verifying and assuring, in accordance with the IAEA Statute and the IAEA safeguards system, compliance by States parties with the safeguards agreements undertaken in fulfilment of their obligations under article III, paragraph 1 of the Treaty, with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. No action should be taken to undermine the authority of IAEA in this regard."

CHANGES:

  • Added final sentence: "No action should be taken to undermine the authority of IAEA in this regard."

Paragraph 6

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference underscores the importance of compliance by States parties with the non-proliferation obligations of the Treaty and the importance of addressing all cases of non-compliance with safeguards obligations in a timely manner and in full conformity with the Statute of IAEA and the respective legal obligations of States parties. States parties that have concerns regarding compliance with safeguards obligations should be directed, together with supporting information, to IAEA for consideration and decide on necessary actions in accordance with its mandate."

REV 1: "The Conference underscores the importance of compliance by States parties with the non-proliferation obligations of the Treaty and the importance of addressing all cases of non-compliance with safeguards obligations in a timely manner and in full conformity with the Statute of IAEA and the parties' respective legal obligations. States parties that have concerns regarding compliance with safeguards obligations should be directed, together with supporting information, to IAEA for consideration and decision on necessary actions in accordance with its mandate."

CHANGES:

  • "the respective legal obligations of States parties" → "the parties' respective legal obligations"
  • "and decide on" → "and decision on" (grammatical correction)

Paragraph 7 - Iran

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference stresses its support for a diplomatic solution to resolve concerns regarding the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear programme and encourages all parties to engage constructively for this purpose. The Conference expresses concerns over the finding of the IAEA Board of Governors of Iran's non-compliance with its obligations under its Safeguards Agreement with IAEA. The Conference emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of Iran's Safeguards Agreement, including full and timely cooperation with the IAEA regarding undeclared nuclear material and activities at multiple undeclared locations, is indispensable to restoring confidence in the peaceful nature of its nuclear programme."

REV 1: "The Conference expresses its concern regarding unresolved outstanding safeguards issues and non-compliance with obligations under safeguards agreements. In this context, the Conference stresses its support for a diplomatic solution to resolve concerns regarding Iran's nuclear programme and encourages all parties to engage constructively for this purpose. The Conference emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of Iran's Safeguards Agreement, including full and timely cooperation with the IAEA regarding undeclared nuclear material and activities at multiple undeclared locations, is indispensable to restoring confidence in the peaceful nature of its nuclear programme."

CHANGES:

  • Added at beginning: "The Conference expresses its concern regarding unresolved outstanding safeguards issues and non-compliance with obligations under safeguards agreements. In this context,"
  • Removed clause: "The Conference expresses concerns over the finding of the IAEA Board of Governors of Iran's non-compliance with its obligations under its Safeguards Agreement with IAEA."
  • "resolve concerns regarding the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear programme" → "resolve concerns regarding Iran's nuclear programme"

Paragraph 8 - Iranian Nuclear Facilities [NEW in Rev 1]

REV 1 ONLY: "The Conference acknowledges the importance of access to the Security Council and the General Assembly by the IAEA, including its Director General, in accordance with article XII.C. of the Statute of IAEA and paragraph 19 of INFCIRC/153 (Corrected), and the role of such bodies in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations."

CHANGES:

  • Entirely new paragraph in Rev 1
  • (Zero draft had different content about attacks on Iranian nuclear facilities in what became paragraph 8)

Paragraph 8 (Zero Draft) → Removed in Rev 1

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference notes the grave concerns expressed at the attacks on Iranian nuclear facilities and calls upon States parties to exercise maximum restraint to avoid such attacks."

REV 1: [Removed; content related to attacks on Iran not carried forward in same form]

CHANGES:

  • This paragraph removed entirely

Paragraph 9 (Zero Draft) → Restructured in Rev 1

ZERO DRAFT (Old Para 9): "The Conference emphasizes the importance of access to of the Security Council and the General Assembly by the IAEA, including its Director General, and the role of such bodies in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, in upholding compliance with IAEA safeguards agreements and ensuring compliance with safeguards obligations by taking appropriate measures in the case of any violations notified by IAEA."

REV 1 (New Para 9): "The Conference reaffirms that the implementation of comprehensive safeguards agreements legally required under article III, paragraph 1, of the Treaty should be designed to provide for verification by IAEA of the correctness and completeness of a State's declaration so that there is credible assurance of the non-diversion of nuclear material from declared activities and of the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities. The Conference recognizes that comprehensive safeguards agreements based on INFCIRC/153 (Corrected) have been successful in their main focus of providing assurance regarding declared nuclear material and have also provided a limited level of assurance regarding the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities."

CHANGES:

  • Entire paragraph restructured and shifted; Zero draft's para 9 about Security Council/GA access removed
  • Rev 1's new para 9 is about comprehensive safeguards agreements design and effectiveness

Paragraph 10 (Zero Draft becomes restructured in Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 10): "The Conference reaffirms that the implementation of comprehensive safeguards agreements pursuant to article III, paragraph 1, of the Treaty should be designed to provide for verification by IAEA of the correctness and completeness of a State's declaration so that there is credible assurance of the non-diversion of nuclear material from declared activities and of the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities. The Conference recognizes that comprehensive safeguards agreements based on INFCIRC/153 (Corrected) have been successful in their main focus of providing assurance regarding declared nuclear material and have also provided a limited level of assurance regarding the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities."

REV 1 (Para 10): "The Conference welcomes the conclusion of comprehensive safeguards agreements by six States parties to the Treaty since the last Review Conference and urges the remaining State party having yet to do to conclude such an agreement. The Conference notes that the universalization of the comprehensive safeguards agreements among non-nuclear-weapon States parties would constitute an important milestone in the implementation of the Treaty."

CHANGES:

  • Zero draft's para 10 about safeguards design/effectiveness moved to Rev 1's para 9
  • Rev 1's para 10 is new content welcoming recent agreements

Paragraph 11 (Zero) → Para 11 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference encourages the conclusion of a comprehensive safeguards agreement required under article III, paragraph 1 of the Treaty by the remaining non-nuclear-weapon State party having yet to do so and notes that this development would constitute an important milestone in the implementation of the Treaty."

REV 1: "The Conference notes that the decision to conclude an additional protocol remains a voluntary, sovereign decision of each State and that, once in force, an additional protocol constitutes a legal obligation. The Conference notes that implementation of the measures contained in the Model Additional Protocol (INFCIRC/540 (Corrected)) equips IAEA with broader information and access, enabling it to provide increased assurances regarding the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in a State with a comprehensive safeguards agreement as a whole. The Conference notes that in the case of a non-nuclear-weapon State party with a comprehensive safeguards agreement supplemented by an additional protocol in force, the measures contained in both instruments represent the enhanced verification standard for that State."

CHANGES:

  • Complete restructuring in this section
  • Zero draft para 11 removed
  • Rev 1 para 11 is about additional protocols

Paragraph 12 (Zero) → Para 12 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference notes that the decision to conclude an additional protocol remains a sovereign decision of each State and that, once in force, an additional protocol constitutes a legal obligation. The Conference notes that implementation of the measures contained in the Model Additional Protocol (INFCIRC/540 (Corrected)) equips IAEA with broader information and access, enabling it to provide increased assurances regarding the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities in a State with a comprehensive safeguards agreement as a whole. The Conference notes that in the case of a non-nuclear-weapon State party with a comprehensive safeguards agreement supplemented by an additional protocol in force, the measures contained in both instruments represent the enhanced verification standard for that State."

REV 1: "The Conference encourages all States parties which have not yet done so to conclude and to bring into force additional protocols as soon as possible and to implement them provisionally pending their entry into force."

CHANGES:

  • Zero draft's para 12 on additional protocols moved to Rev 1 para 11
  • Rev 1 para 12 is compressed/simplified version encouraging additional protocols

Paragraph 13 (Zero) → Para 13 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference encourages all States parties which have not yet done so to conclude and to bring into force additional protocols as soon as possible and to implement them provisionally pending their entry into force."

REV 1: "The Conference emphasizes that small quantities protocols based on the original standard text should be amended or rescinded, as appropriate, in order to enable the IAEA to draw soundly based safeguards conclusions for States with small quantities protocols to their comprehensive safeguards agreements."

CHANGES:

  • Zero draft para 13 moved/consolidated into Rev 1 para 12
  • Rev 1 para 13 contains what was about small quantities protocols

Paragraph 14 (Zero) → Removed/Restructured

ZERO DRAFT: "The Conference emphasizes that small quantities protocols based on the original standard text should be amended or rescinded, as appropriate, in order to enable the IAEA to draw soundly based safeguards conclusions for States with small quantities protocols to their comprehensive safeguards agreements."

REV 1: [This becomes Para 13 in Rev 1; subsequent paras shifted]


Paragraph 15 (Zero → Para 14 in Rev 1) - Small change

ZERO DRAFT (Para 15): "The Conference encourages IAEA to further facilitate and assist the States parties upon request in the conclusion, entry into force and implementation of comprehensive safeguards agreements and additional protocols and amendment or rescission of small quantities protocols and welcomes the efforts of the IAEA Director General in this regard."

REV 1 (Para 14): "The Conference encourages IAEA to further facilitate and assist the States parties upon request in the conclusion, entry into force and implementation of comprehensive safeguards agreements and additional protocols and amendment or rescission of small quantities protocols and welcomes the efforts of the IAEA Director General in this regard."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes; just renumbered

Paragraph 16 (Zero) → Para 15 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 16): "The Conference reaffirms that IAEA safeguards should be assessed and evaluated regularly, including in light of technological developments."

REV 1 (Para 15): "The Conference welcomes the efforts of IAEA to assist States Parties in strengthening national legal and regulatory frameworks related to safeguards remain important, including assistance, upon their request, for the establishment and maintenance of State systems of accounting for and control of nuclear material. The Conference stresses that IAEA plays an important role in this regard, including through its initiatives such as Comprehensive Capacity-Building Initiative for SSACs and SRAs (COMPASS), International State Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material Advisory Service missions, and the IAEA Legislative Assistance Programme."

CHANGES:

  • Paragraph numbering/reorganization; substantial content shift

Paragraph 17 (Zero) → Para 16 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 17): "The Conference welcomes the efforts of IAEA to assist States Parties in strengthening national legal and regulatory frameworks related to safeguards remain important, including assistance for the establishment and maintenance of State systems of accounting for and control of nuclear material. The Conference stresses that IAEA plays an important role in this regard, including through its initiatives such as Comprehensive Capacity-Building Initiative for SSACs and SRAs (COMPASS), International State Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material Advisory Service missions, and the IAEA Legislative Assistance Programme."

REV 1 (Para 16): "The Conference also notes the considerable increase in IAEA safeguards responsibilities and the financial constraints under which the IAEA safeguards are operating. The Conference calls upon all States parties to ensure that IAEA continues to have the necessary political, technical and financial support so that it is able to effectively apply safeguards required in connection with Article III of the Treaty."

CHANGES:

  • Restructuring and different content placement

Paragraph 18 (Zero) → Para 17 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 18): "The Conference also notes the considerable increase in IAEA safeguards responsibilities and the financial constraints under which the IAEA safeguards are operating. The Conference calls upon all States parties to ensure that IAEA continues to have the necessary political, technical and financial support so that it is able to effectively carry out its mandate under Article III of the Treaty."

REV 1 (Para 17): "The Conference notes that the topic of naval nuclear propulsion is of interest to the States Parties to the Treaty. The Conference also notes the importance of continued transparent and open dialogue on this topic. The Conference further notes that non-nuclear-weapon States that pursue naval nuclear propulsion should continue to engage with IAEA in an open and transparent manner."

CHANGES:

  • "effectively carry out its mandate" → "effectively apply safeguards required in connection with Article III"

Paragraphs 19-22 (Safeguards and Export Controls)

Minor renumbering; content largely consistent. Key point: Paragraph 16 (Zero) about IAEA safeguards assessment is removed/reorganized.


ARTICLE IV SECTION (Peaceful Uses)

Paragraph 26 (Zero) → Para 25 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 26): "The Conference notes the increasing recognition of the important contribution of nuclear science, technology and applications to achieve sustainable development. The Conference underscores the growing need and demand for further utilization and scaling up of nuclear applications worldwide for peaceful purposes."

REV 1 (Para 25): "The Conference acknowledges the increasing and important contribution of nuclear science, technology and applications to achieve sustainable development, as well as the growing interest and demands for further utilization and scaling up of nuclear applications worldwide for peaceful purposes."

CHANGES:

  • "notes the increasing recognition of" → "acknowledges the increasing and important"
  • "underscores the growing need and demand" → "as well as the growing interest and demands"

Paragraph 27 (Zero) → Para 26 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 27): "The Conference notes the growing interest among States parties in the potential of nuclear power in meeting the increasing global demand for electricity, enhancing energy security, and facilitating decarbonization and the transition to a low-carbon energy economy. In this regard, the Conference also notes the growing interest in related technologies and innovations, including advanced reactors, small modular reactors and large-capacity power reactors."

REV 1 (Para 26): "The Conference notes the growing interest among States parties in the potential contribution of nuclear power in meeting the increasing global demand for electricity, enhancing energy security, and facilitating the transition to a low-emission economy. In this regard, the Conference also notes the growing interest in related technologies and innovations, including advanced reactors, small modular reactors and large-capacity power reactors, including through the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO)."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "contribution of"
  • "decarbonization and the transition to a low-carbon energy economy" → "the transition to a low-emission economy"
  • Added at end: "including through the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO)"

Paragraph 28 (Zero) → Para 27 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 28): "The Conference notes the increasing awareness and involvement of a wider variety of stakeholders, including governments, development agencies, international financial institutions, non-governmental organizations, research and academic communities, nuclear regulators and operators, the nuclear industry, and the private sector, in advancing the contribution of the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology to sustainable development."

REV 1 (Para 27): "The Conference notes the increasing awareness and involvement in non-power applications in areas such as health, food and agriculture, water and the environment, industry and radiation technology have grown to include a wider variety of stakeholders, including governments, development agencies, international financial institutions, non-governmental organizations, research and academic communities, nuclear regulators and operators, the nuclear industry, and the private sector, in advancing the contribution of the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology to sustainable development."

CHANGES:

  • Added significant clause: "in non-power applications in areas such as health, food and agriculture, water and the environment, industry and radiation technology have grown to include"
  • Substantial restructuring of sentence

Paragraph 29 (Zero) → Para 28 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 29): "The Conference emphasizes the necessity to bridge the nuclear science and technology gap among States parties for peaceful purposes. The Conference encourages States parties to further facilitate access, particularly for developing countries and least developed countries, to peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology through capacity-building, the provision of equipment, the strengthening of regional networking and regional cooperation frameworks, as well as through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, and the development of more robust cooperation with a broad range of stakeholders."

REV 1 (Para 28): "The Conference emphasizes the necessity to bridge the nuclear science and technology gap among States parties for peaceful purposes. The Conference encourages States parties to further facilitate access, particularly for developing countries and least developed countries, to peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology through capacity-building, the provision of equipment, nuclear knowledge sharing and transfer of nuclear technology, training of skilled workforce, the strengthening of regional networking and regional cooperation frameworks, as well as through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, and the development of more robust cooperation with a broad range of stakeholders."

CHANGES:

  • Added after "the provision of equipment,": "nuclear knowledge sharing and transfer of nuclear technology, training of skilled workforce,"

Paragraph 32 (Zero) → Para 31 (Rev 1) - IAEA Flagship Initiatives

ZERO DRAFT (Para 32): "The Conference recognizes the efforts made by the IAEA Director General to maximize the impact of the IAEA's work on nuclear applications through strategic flagship initiatives cutting across different areas of nuclear science and technology, including cancer control (Rays of Hope), preparedness for zoonotic disease outbreaks (Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC)), plastic marine pollution (Nuclear Technology for Controlling Plastic Pollution (NUTEC Plastics)), food security and safety (Atoms4Food), small modular reactors (Nuclear Harmonization and Standardization Initiative (NHSI) and the IAEA Platform on SMRs and their Applications (SMR Platform)) and women in nuclear (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship Programme and Lise Meitner Programme). Furthermore, the Conference welcomes the launch, in August 2026, of a new initiative on the safe and secure development and deployment of peaceful nuclear applications at sea (Atomic Technologies Licensed for Applications at Sea (ATLAS))."

REV 1 (Para 31): "The Conference recognizes the efforts made by the IAEA Director General to maximize the impact of the IAEA's work on nuclear applications through strategic flagship initiatives cutting across different areas of nuclear science and technology, including cancer control (Rays of Hope), preparedness for zoonotic disease outbreaks (Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC)), plastic marine pollution (Nuclear Technology for Controlling Plastic Pollution (NUTEC Plastics)), food security and safety (Atoms4Food), small modular reactors (Nuclear Harmonization and Standardization Initiative (NHSI) and the IAEA Platform on SMRs and their Applications (SMR Platform)) and women in nuclear (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship Programme and Lise Meitner Programme). Furthermore, the Conference notes the launch, in August 2026, of a new initiative on Atomic Technologies Licensed for Applications at Sea (ATLAS) and its potential contribution to the safe and secure development and deployment of peaceful nuclear applications at sea."

CHANGES:

  • "welcomes the launch" → "notes the launch"
  • Reordered: "on the safe and secure development and deployment of peaceful nuclear applications at sea (Atomic Technologies Licensed for Applications at Sea (ATLAS))" → "on Atomic Technologies Licensed for Applications at Sea (ATLAS) and its potential contribution to the safe and secure development and deployment of peaceful nuclear applications at sea"

Paragraph 36 (Zero) → Para 35 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 36): "The Conference recognizes the contribution of the IAEA-owned and operated Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Bank, established in Kazakhstan and fully operational since 2019, in providing assurance of supply and availability of LEU for eligible member States."

REV 1 (Para 35): "The Conference recognizes the contribution of the IAEA-owned and operated Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Bank, established in Kazakhstan and fully operational since 2019, and the LEU Guaranteed Reserve in Angarsk, Russian Federation, under the aegis of the IAEA, in providing assurance of supply and availability of LEU for eligible member States."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "and the LEU Guaranteed Reserve in Angarsk, Russian Federation, under the aegis of the IAEA,"

Paragraph 41 (Zero) → Para 40 (Rev 1) - High Level of Safety and Security

ZERO DRAFT (Para 41): "The Conference stresses the need for facilitating a high level of nuclear safety and security in the deployment of new and emerging nuclear technologies globally. The Conference notes that the development of advanced reactors, as well as small modular reactors, for those who may wish to use them, should be done in a safe, secure and safeguarded manner and underlines the important role of IAEA in this field. The Conference notes, in this regard, the IAEA's Nuclear Harmonization and Standardization Initiative and the IAEA Platform on Small Modular Reactors and their Applications."

REV 1 (Para 40): "The Conference stresses the need for facilitating the highest levels of nuclear safety and security in the deployment of new and emerging nuclear technologies globally. The Conference notes that the development of advanced reactors, as well as small modular reactors, for those who may wish to use them, should be done in a safe, secure and safeguarded manner and underlines the important role of IAEA in this field. The Conference notes, in this regard, the IAEA's Nuclear Harmonization and Standardization Initiative and the IAEA Platform on Small Modular Reactors and their Applications."

CHANGES:

  • "a high level" → "the highest levels"

Paragraph 42 (Zero) → Para 41 (Rev 1) - Attacks on Peaceful Nuclear Facilities

ZERO DRAFT (Para 42): "The Conference reaffirms the inviolability of peaceful nuclear activities and that any attack or threat of attack against peaceful nuclear facilities – operational or under construction – poses a great danger to human lives and the environment, and constitutes a grave violation of international law, the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and the regulations of IAEA, as stipulated in IAEA General Conference resolution GC(XXIX)/RES/444 and decision GC(XXXIV)/RES/533, and strongly urge all States to refrain from attacks or the threat of attacks on such facilities."

REV 1 (Para 41): "The Conference expresses grave concerns over any attack or threat of attack against nuclear facilities devoted to peaceful purposes, which could pose a great danger to human lives and the environment and raises serious concerns regarding the application of international law. The Conference notes the relevant IAEA General Conference resolutions and decision on this matter and strongly urges all States parties to refrain from attacks or threats of attack on such facilities."

CHANGES:

  • Completely reworded paragraph
  • Removed: "reaffirms the inviolability of peaceful nuclear activities and that"
  • Changed to: "expresses grave concerns over"
  • "peaceful nuclear facilities – operational or under construction" → "nuclear facilities devoted to peaceful purposes"
  • Removed specific IAEA resolution citations (GC(XXIX)/RES/444, GC(XXXIV)/RES/533)
  • Changed to: "notes the relevant IAEA General Conference resolutions and decision"
  • "strongly urge" → "strongly urges"
  • "threats of attack" → "threats of attack"

ARTICLE VI SECTION (Disarmament) - MAJOR CHANGES

Paragraph 46 (Zero) → Para 45 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 46): "The Conference reaffirms that all States parties have a legal obligation under Article VI of the Treaty to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race, to nuclear disarmament, and to bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to a Treaty on general and complete disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control."

REV 1 (Para 45): "The Conference reaffirms that all States parties have a legal obligation under Article VI of the Treaty to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "at an early date" (after "nuclear arms race")
  • "to bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to" → "and on" (simplified)
  • Removed: "in all its aspects"

Paragraph 47 (Zero) → Para 46 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 47): "The Conference reiterates that the implementation of Article VI is essential to the maintenance and strengthening of the Treaty, and recalls the numerous multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral measures undertaken in fulfilment of Article VI."

REV 1 (Para 46): "The Conference reiterates that the urgent implementation of Article VI obligations is essential to the credibility and strengthening of the Treaty, and recalls the numerous multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral measures undertaken in this regard."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "urgent"
  • "implementation of Article VI" → "implementation of Article VI obligations"
  • "maintenance and strengthening" → "credibility and strengthening"
  • "in fulfilment of Article VI" → "in this regard"

Paragraph 48 (Zero) - REMOVED

ZERO DRAFT (Para 48): "The Conference emphasizes that the indefinite extension of the Treaty does not imply the indefinite possession of nuclear weapons, and that any such assumption is incompatible with the objective and purpose of the Treaty."

REV 1: [REMOVED - this was moved to preambular paragraph (xi)]

CHANGES:

  • Paragraph removed from Article VI section (incorporated into preamble)

Paragraph 49 (Zero) → Para 47 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 49): "The Conference reaffirms States parties' commitment to the mutually reinforcing principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency and underscores the importance of the nuclear-weapon States' application of these principles in the implementation of their Article VI obligations and related nuclear disarmament commitments under the Treaty."

REV 1 (Para 47): "The Conference reaffirms States parties' commitment to apply the mutually reinforcing principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency and underscores the importance of the nuclear-weapon States' application of these principles in the implementation of their Article VI obligations and nuclear disarmament-related commitments under the Treaty."

CHANGES:

  • "to the mutually reinforcing" → "to apply the mutually reinforcing"
  • "related nuclear disarmament" → "nuclear disarmament-related"

Paragraph 50 (Zero) → Para 48 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 50): "The Conference deeply regrets that the objectives of Article VI remain unfulfilled due to the continued maintenance of thousands of nuclear weapons, the ongoing qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and the quantitative growth in some nuclear arsenals. The Conference expresses concern at statements that are counter to Article VI obligations and the commitments provided at previous Review Conferences."

REV 1 (Para 48): "The Conference deeply regrets that the objectives of Article VI remain unfulfilled due to the lack of progress on good faith negotiations, the continued existence of nuclear weapons, the ongoing qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and the quantitative growth in some nuclear arsenals. The Conference expresses concern at statements and actions that are incompatible with Article VI obligations and the commitments provided at previous Review Conferences."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "due to the lack of progress on good faith negotiations,"
  • "continued maintenance of thousands of nuclear weapons" → "continued existence of nuclear weapons"
  • "counter to" → "incompatible with"
  • Added: "and actions"

Paragraph 51 (Zero) → Para 49 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 51): "The Conference urges the nuclear-weapon States to fully and systematically implement their nuclear disarmament obligations under the Treaty, including through the full implementation of commitments made at the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences, including, inter alia, taking steps to diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies. It calls on the nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, regardless of their location, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures, consistent with action 5 of the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions of the 2010 Review Conference."

REV 1 (Para 49): "The Conference urges the nuclear-weapon States to fully and systematically implement their obligations under Article VI, including through progress in the implementation of commitments made at the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences, including, inter alia, taking steps to diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies. It calls on the nuclear-weapon States to continue pursuing efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, regardless of their location, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures."

CHANGES:

  • "their nuclear disarmament obligations under the Treaty" → "their obligations under Article VI"
  • "through the full implementation" → "through progress in the implementation"
  • "undertake further efforts" → "continue pursuing efforts"
  • Removed: "consistent with action 5 of the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions of the 2010 Review Conference"

Paragraph 52 (Zero) → Para 50 (Rev 1) - CTBT

ZERO DRAFT (Para 52): "The Conference reaffirms the urgency of the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and welcomes the ratifications and signatures by Timor Leste, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka and Papua New Guinea to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty since the tenth Review Conference. The Conference urges all States that have yet to ratify that Treaty to do so in all expediency, particularly the nine States listed in its annex 2 and recalls the agreement of, as stipulated in action 10 of the 2010 Action Plan, the special responsibility of nuclear-weapon States to take the lead in this regard."

REV 1 (Para 50): "The Conference recalls the thirtieth anniversary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, reaffirms the urgency of the entry into force of the CTBT and welcomes the ratifications by Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka and Papua New Guinea and signature by Somalia to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty since the tenth Review Conference. The Conference urges all States that have yet to ratify that Treaty to do so without precondition or delay, particularly the nine States listed in its annex 2 and recalls the agreement of, as stipulated in action 10 of the 2010 Action Plan, the special responsibility of nuclear-weapon States to take the lead in this regard."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "The Conference recalls the thirtieth anniversary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,"
  • Changed to CTBT abbreviation
  • Removed "Timor Leste"
  • Added: "and signature by Somalia"
  • Changed "do so in all expediency" → "do so without precondition or delay"

Paragraph 54 (Zero) → Para 53 (Rev 1) - Testing Dangers

ZERO DRAFT (Para 54): "The Conference underscores the strategic, political, environmental and humanitarian dangers of any resumption of nuclear weapon testing, which would constitute a serious threat to international peace and security, represent a serious regression in international efforts toward nuclear disarmament, erode confidence in the multilateral disarmament framework and risk igniting a new nuclear arms race."

REV 1 (Para 53): "The Conference underscores the strategic, political, environmental and humanitarian dangers of any resumption of nuclear weapon testing, which would constitute a serious threat to international peace and security, represent a serious regression in international efforts toward nuclear disarmament, erode confidence in the multilateral disarmament framework and risk igniting a new nuclear arms race."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

Paragraph 55 (Zero) → Para 54 (Rev 1) - Nuclear Weapons Moratorium

ZERO DRAFT (Para 55): "The Conference calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, pending the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, to maintain their existing moratorium on nuclear-weapon test explosion, including low yield and sub-critical tests, and refrain from any action contrary to the object and purpose of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the commitments undertaken at the Review Conferences."

REV 1 (Para 54): "The Conference calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to maintain their existing moratorium on nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosion of any yield, and urges them to develop and implement new measures to restore confidence in explosive nuclear testing moratoriums."

CHANGES:

  • Substantially reworded
  • Removed time qualifier "pending the entry into force of the CTBT"
  • Changed "nuclear-weapon test explosion, including low yield and sub-critical tests" → "nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosion of any yield"
  • Removed reference to CTBT purposes/Review Conferences
  • Added: "and urges them to develop and implement new measures to restore confidence in explosive nuclear testing moratoriums"

Paragraph 56 (Zero) → Para 55 (Rev 1) - New START

ZERO DRAFT (Para 56): "The Conference recalls the strengthening of international peace and security that resulted from the successive arms control treaties between the United States and Russian Federation. The Conference deeply regrets that the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (New START) expired without a successor arrangement or negotiations thereon. The Conference calls on the Russian Federation and the United States to commence negotiations on a successor to New START, to include all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed."

REV 1 (Para 55): "The Conference recalls the strengthening of international peace and security that resulted from the successive arms control treaties between the United States and Russian Federation. The Conference deeply regrets that the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (New START) expired without a successor arrangement or negotiations thereon. The Conference calls on the nuclear-weapon States to pursue ways to multilateralize future arms control frameworks at an early date, in accordance with Article VI. Such frameworks should include all types of nuclear weapons, including nonstrategic weapons, deployed and nondeployed. Pending the negotiation of such frameworks, the Conference calls upon the United States and the Russian Federation to voluntarily maintain the limitations of the New START Treaty."

CHANGES:

  • Major expansion of this paragraph
  • Changed from calling on "Russian Federation and United States to commence negotiations on a successor" to "nuclear-weapon States to pursue ways to multilateralize future arms control frameworks"
  • Added: "at an early date, in accordance with Article VI"
  • Added: "Such frameworks should include all types of nuclear weapons, including nonstrategic weapons, deployed and nondeployed."
  • Added: "Pending the negotiation of such frameworks, the Conference calls upon the United States and the Russian Federation to voluntarily maintain the limitations of the New START Treaty."

Paragraph 57 (Zero) → Para 56 (Rev 1) - Continued Engagement

ZERO DRAFT (Para 57): "The Conference recognizes the importance of continued engagement by all nuclear-weapon States in the process leading to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons. The Conference underscores that the risk of nuclear war will persist as long as nuclear weapons exist and that nuclear risk reduction measures can not substitute for the efforts aimed at the total elimination of nuclear weapons. In this regard, the Conference calls on the nuclear-weapon States to urgently engage in dialogue to ease international tension, enhance confidence, reduce strategic risks and increase stability within the next review cycle, in order to facilitate future arms control frameworks. Such a process should accelerate progress towards nuclear disarmament based on the principle of increased and undiminished security for all."

REV 1 (Para 56): "The Conference recognizes the importance of continued engagement by all nuclear-weapon States in the process leading to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons. In this regard, the Conference calls on the nuclear-weapon States to urgently engage in dialogue to ease international tension, enhance confidence, reduce strategic risks and increase stability within the next review cycle, in line with the principle of increased and undiminished security for all."

CHANGES:

  • Removed entire sentence: "The Conference underscores that the risk of nuclear war will persist as long as nuclear weapons exist and that nuclear risk reduction measures can not substitute for the efforts aimed at the total elimination of nuclear weapons."
  • Removed: "in order to facilitate future arms control frameworks. Such a process should accelerate progress towards nuclear disarmament based on"
  • Changed to: "in line with the principle"
  • Simplified/shortened paragraph

Paragraph 58 (Zero) → Para 57 (Rev 1) - Prevention of Use

ZERO DRAFT (Para 58): "Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, the Conference calls on nuclear-weapon States to make every effort to ensure that nuclear weapons are never used again, including unauthorized, unintentional or accidental use. The Conference recognizes the role non-nuclear weapon States can play in preventing any use of nuclear weapons."

REV 1 (Para 57): "Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, the Conference calls on nuclear-weapon States to make every effort to ensure that nuclear weapons are never used again, including unauthorized, unintentional or accidental use. The Conference recognizes the role non-nuclear weapon States can play in preventing any use of nuclear weapons."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

Paragraph 59 (Zero) → Para 58 (Rev 1) - Risk Reduction Measures

ZERO DRAFT (Para 59): "The Conference, in the context of the implementation of Article VI, calls on the nuclear-weapon States to agree to measures necessary to prevent nuclear war and reduce risks of miscalculation, misperception, miscommunication or accident. The Conference suggests that such measures could include but not be limited to: regular dialogue on doctrines and arsenals, on addressing the root causes of international tensions and ways to enhance relations with a view to enhance mutual trust and predictability, effective crisis communications, enhanced military-to-military engagement, declarations of restraint, notification and data exchange agreements, non-targeting, maintenance of the lowest feasible levels of alert, procedures to increase the time available for decision-making and to allow for de-escalation of crises, and the reinvigoration of transparency and confidence-building measures."

REV 1 (Para 58): "The Conference underscores that the risk of nuclear war will persist as long as nuclear weapons exist and that nuclear risk reduction measures can not substitute for the efforts aimed at the total elimination of nuclear weapons. In the context of the implementation of Article VI, the Conference calls on the nuclear-weapon States to agree to measures necessary to prevent nuclear war and reduce strategic risks and risks of miscalculation, misperception, miscommunication or accident. The Conference suggests that such measures could include but not be limited to: regular dialogue on doctrines and arsenals, enhancing relations with a view to enhance mutual trust and predictability, effective crisis communications, enhanced military-to-military engagement, declarations of restraint, notification and data exchange agreements, non-targeting, maintenance of the lowest feasible levels of alert, procedures to increase the time available for decision-making and to allow for de-escalation of crises, and the reinvigoration of transparency and confidence-building measures, without prejudice to national security."

CHANGES:

  • Added at beginning (from para 57 of Zero draft): "The Conference underscores that the risk of nuclear war will persist as long as nuclear weapons exist and that nuclear risk reduction measures can not substitute for the efforts aimed at the total elimination of nuclear weapons."
  • Added: "strategic risks and" (before "risks of miscalculation")
  • Removed: "on addressing the root causes of international tensions and ways to enhance relations with"
  • Changed to: "enhancing relations with"
  • Added at end: "without prejudice to national security"

Paragraph 60 (Zero) → Para 59 (Rev 1) - No First Use

ZERO DRAFT (Para 60): "Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, the Conference calls on all nuclear-weapon States to declare that they will not be the first to use nuclear weapons and to undertake doctrinal and force postures measures to this effect."

REV 1 (Para 59): "Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, the Conference calls on all nuclear-weapon States to declare that they will not be the first to use nuclear weapons and to undertake doctrinal and force postures measures to this effect."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

Paragraph 61 (Zero) → Para 60 (Rev 1) - Human Control and AI

ZERO DRAFT (Para 61): "The Conference notes the concern regarding recent developments with far reaching implications. Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, the Conference calls for the effective maintenance of human control over nuclear weapons at all times. It further calls for transparent and evidence-based discussions among States parties to build confidence on this issue. The Conference calls on States parties to engage with a view to agreeing measures that mitigate the risks related to nuclear weapons and emerging technologies such as the entanglement of conventional and strategic forces, and interference in communications and command and control."

REV 1 (Para 60): "The Conference notes the concern regarding recent developments with far reaching implications. Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, the Conference calls for the effective maintenance at all times of human control and involvement over decisions to employ nuclear weapons, and welcomes nuclear-weapon States' statements made to this effect. It further calls for transparent and evidence-based discussions among States parties to build confidence on this issue. The Conference calls on States parties to engage with a view to agreeing measures that mitigate the risks related to nuclear weapons and emerging technologies, in particular artificial intelligence, such as the entanglement of conventional and strategic forces, and interference in communications and command and control."

CHANGES:

  • "maintenance of human control over nuclear weapons at all times" → "maintenance at all times of human control and involvement over decisions to employ nuclear weapons"
  • Added: "and welcomes nuclear-weapon States' statements made to this effect"
  • "emerging technologies such as" → "emerging technologies, in particular artificial intelligence, such as"

Paragraph 62 (Zero) → Para 61 (Rev 1) - Security Assurances

ZERO DRAFT (Para 62): "The Conference reaffirms that, pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, it is the legitimate right of all non-nuclear-weapon States parties to receive effective, universal, unconditional, non-discriminatory and irrevocable legally binding security assurances by all five nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons under all circumstances."

REV 1 (Para 61): "The Conference reaffirms that, pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, it is the legitimate interest of all non-nuclear-weapon States parties to receive effective, universal, unconditional, non-discriminatory and irrevocable legally binding security assurances by all five nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons under all circumstances."

CHANGES:

  • "legitimate right" → "legitimate interest"

Paragraph 63 (Zero) → Para 62 (Rev 1) - Confidence on Assurances

ZERO DRAFT (Para 63): "The Conference recalls Security Council resolution 984 (1995), noting the unilateral statements by each of the nuclear-weapon States, in which they gave conditional or unconditional security assurances against the use and the threat of use of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty. The Conference reaffirms the importance of full adherence by all nuclear-weapon States to all existing obligations and commitments related to security assurances given to non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty either unilaterally or multilaterally. The Conference calls on the Conference on Disarmament to engage in substantive discussions with a view to formulating recommendations on all aspects of the issue of assuring non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, including the possibility of an international legally binding agreement."

REV 1 (Para 62): "The Conference recalls Security Council resolution 984 (1995), noting the unilateral statements by each of the nuclear-weapon States, in which they gave conditional or unconditional security assurances against the use and the threat of use of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty. The Conference reaffirms the importance of full adherence by all nuclear-weapon States to all existing obligations and commitments related to security assurances given to non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty either unilaterally or multilaterally. The Conference calls on the Conference on Disarmament to establish a subsidiary body to formulate recommendations on all aspects of the issue of assuring non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, including the possibility of an international legally binding agreement."

CHANGES:

  • "engage in substantive discussions with a view to formulating" → "establish a subsidiary body to formulate"

Paragraph 64 (Zero) → Para 63 (Rev 1) - Reporting Requirements

ZERO DRAFT (Para 64): "The Conference recognizes the extensive legal requirements on non-nuclear weapon States to report and be subject to inspection in fulfilment of their non-proliferation obligations and the need for commensurate reporting requirements on the implementation of disarmament commitments."

REV 1 (Para 63): "The Conference recognizes the extensive legal requirements on non-nuclear-weapon States to report and be subject to verification in fulfilment of their non-proliferation obligations and the need for reporting requirements on the implementation of disarmament commitments."

CHANGES:

  • Added hyphen: "non-nuclear-weapon"
  • "inspection" → "verification"
  • Removed: "commensurate"

Paragraph 65 (Zero) → Para 64 (Rev 1) - Transparency

ZERO DRAFT (Para 65): "The Conference stresses the necessity of enhanced and equal transparency by the nuclear-weapon States, with regard to the implementation of their article VI obligations and nuclear-disarmament related commitments, without prejudice to national security, as a confidence-building measure to support further progress on nuclear disarmament, in line with action 5 of the 2010 Action Plan."

REV 1 (Para 64): "The Conference stresses the necessity of enhanced and equal transparency with regard to the implementation of article VI obligations and nuclear-disarmament related commitments, without prejudice to national security, as a confidence-building measure to support further progress on nuclear disarmament, in line with the 2010 Action Plan."

CHANGES:

  • Removed: "by the nuclear-weapon States,"
  • Changed to more general: "with regard to"
  • Changed "action 5 of" → "the"

Paragraph 66 (Zero) → Para 65 (Rev 1) - Regular Reports

ZERO DRAFT (Para 66): "The Conference recalls the 2000 Review Conference agreed to regular reports, within the framework of the strengthened review process for the NPT, by all States Parties on the implementation of Article VI and paragraph 4(c) of the 1995 Decision on 'Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament', and calls upon States Parties and especially the nuclear-weapon States to provide written report on their undertakings at least once during each Review Cycle with the 2010 action plan, as the common basis for reporting."

REV 1 (Para 65): "The Conference recalls the 2000 Review Conference agreed to regular reports, within the framework of the strengthened review process for the NPT, by all States Parties on the implementation of Article VI and paragraph 4(c) of the 1995 Decision on 'Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament', and calls upon States Parties and especially the nuclear-weapon States to provide written report on their undertakings at least once during each Review Cycle."

CHANGES:

  • Removed: "with the 2010 action plan, as the common basis for reporting"

Paragraph 67 (Zero) → Para 66 (Rev 1) - Nuclear Weapons Victims

ZERO DRAFT (Para 67): "The Conference recalls the growing calls for assistance to the people and communities affected by nuclear weapons use and testing and the need for environmental remediation following nuclear weapons use and testing. It calls on States parties to engage with such efforts, including through further promoting disarmament and non-proliferation education, fostering awareness of their humanitarian consequences, and strengthening a culture of peace."

REV 1 (Para 66): "The Conference recalls the growing calls for assistance to the people and communities affected by nuclear weapons use and testing and the need for environmental remediation following nuclear weapons use and testing. It calls on States parties to engage or further engage with such efforts. The Conference recalls General Assembly resolution 78/240 entitled 'Addressing the legacy of nuclear weapons: providing victim assistance and environmental remediation to Member States affected by the use or testing of nuclear weapons'."

CHANGES:

  • "calls on States parties to engage with" → "calls on States parties to engage or further engage with"
  • Removed: "including through further promoting disarmament and non-proliferation education, fostering awareness of their humanitarian consequences, and strengthening a culture of peace"
  • Added: "The Conference recalls General Assembly resolution 78/240 entitled 'Addressing the legacy of nuclear weapons: providing victim assistance and environmental remediation to Member States affected by the use or testing of nuclear weapons'."

Paragraph 68 (Zero) → Para 67 (Rev 1) - Disarmament Education [NEW in Rev 1]

REV 1 ONLY: "The Conference call on States to commit to take concrete measures to raise awareness of the public, including through education, in particular of younger and future generations, as well as of leaders, disarmament experts and diplomats, on all topics relating to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, including through interactions with and directly sharing the experiences of the peoples and the communities affected by nuclear weapons use and testing, to know their humanitarian and environmental impact."

CHANGES:

  • Entirely new paragraph in Rev 1 (draws some content from Zero draft para 67)

Paragraph 69 (Zero) → Para 68 (Rev 1) - Fissile Material Treaty

ZERO DRAFT (Para 68): "The Conference calls on the Conference on Disarmament to immediately commence negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices, and bring to an early conclusion, negotiations in accordance with CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein."

REV 1 (Para 68): "The Conference calls on the Conference on Disarmament to immediately commence negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, and bring to an early conclusion, negotiations in accordance with CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein."

CHANGES:

  • "for nuclear weapons" → "for use in nuclear weapons"

Paragraph 70 (Zero) → Para 69 (Rev 1) - Dismantling Facilities

ZERO DRAFT (Para 69): "The Conference calls on all States that have not done so to initiate a process towards the dismantling or conversion for peaceful uses of facilities for the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices."

REV 1 (Para 69): "The Conference encourages all States that have not done so to initiate a process towards the dismantling or conversion for peaceful uses of facilities for the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices."

CHANGES:

  • "calls on" → "encourages"

Paragraph 71 (Zero) → Para 70 (Rev 1) - Fissile Material Verification

ZERO DRAFT (Para 70): "The Conference reaffirms that nuclear materials designated by each of the nuclear-weapon States as no longer required for military purposes should as soon as practicable be placed under IAEA or other relevant verification. Pending the negotiation on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices, the Conference calls on the nuclear-weapon States to maintain or declare moratoriums on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices."

REV 1 (Para 70): "The Conference reaffirms that nuclear materials designated by each of the nuclear-weapon States as no longer required for military purposes should as soon as practicable be placed under IAEA or other relevant verification. Pending the negotiation on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices, the Conference calls on the nuclear-weapon States to maintain or declare moratoriums on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

Paragraph 72 (Zero) → Para 71 (Rev 1) - Verification Essential

ZERO DRAFT (Para 71): "The Conference notes that verification is essential to achieving full compliance with the object and purpose of the Treaty and to build the trust and confidence between parties to nuclear arms control and disarmament agreements. The Conference recognizes that disarmament and arms control agreements should provide for adequate measures of verification and that the specific form and modalities of the verification to be provided for in any agreement should be determined by the purposes, scope and nature of the agreement. The Conference welcomes the establishment by the United Nations General Assembly of a Group of Scientific and Technical Experts on Nuclear Disarmament Verification."

REV 1 (Para 71): "The Conference notes that verification is essential to achieving full implementation of the Treaty and to build the trust and confidence between parties to nuclear arms control and disarmament agreements. The Conference recognizes that disarmament and arms control agreements should provide for adequate measures of verification and that the specific form and modalities of the verification to be provided for in any agreement should be determined by the parties to that agreement. The Conference notes the establishment by the United Nations General Assembly of a Group of Scientific and Technical Experts on Nuclear Disarmament Verification."

CHANGES:

  • "full compliance with the object and purpose" → "full implementation"
  • "should be determined by the purposes, scope and nature of the agreement" → "should be determined by the parties to that agreement"
  • "welcomes the establishment" → "notes the establishment"

Paragraph 73 (Zero) → Para 72 (Rev 1) - Irreversibility

ZERO DRAFT (Para 72): "The Conference recalls that further work is required to ensure the irreversibility of nuclear disarmament and are encouraged to build a common understanding of the application of irreversibility measures."

REV 1 (Para 72): "The Conference notes that further work will be required to ensure the irreversibility of nuclear disarmament and States parties are encouraged to build a common understanding of the application of irreversibility measures."

CHANGES:

  • "recalls that" → "notes that"
  • "is required" → "will be required"
  • "and are encouraged" → "and States parties are encouraged"

Paragraph 74 (Zero) → Para 73 (Rev 1) - TPNW

ZERO DRAFT (Para 73): "The Conference notes that the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted on 7 July 2017 and entered into force on 22 January 2021, held its third Meeting of States Parties from 3 to 7 March 2025, and will hold its first Review Conference from 30 November to 4 December 2026."

REV 1 (Para 73): "The Conference notes that the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted on 7 July 2017 and entered into force on 22 January 2021, held its third Meeting of States Parties from 3 to 7 March 2025, and will hold its first Review Conference from 30 November to 4 December 2026."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

ARTICLE VII SECTION (Weapon-Free Zones)

Paragraph 75 (Zero) → Para 74 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 75): "The Conference reaffirms that existing nuclear-weapon-free zones contribute to the objectives of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, including the Antarctic Treaty, the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga), the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty), the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty), and the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia (Treaty of Semipalatinsk), as well as the nuclear-weapon-free status of Mongolia. The Conference welcomes the vigorous efforts being made among States Parties and signatories to those treaties in order to promote their common objectives, including through bringing into effect the security assurances provided by the relevant protocols to the nuclear weapon-free zone treaties, and enhance the institutionalization, cooperation and consultations among the existing nuclear-weapon-free zones. In this connection, the Conference calls for the ratification and accession by nuclear-weapon States of the relevant protocols to nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to review any reservations or interpretative statements made in connection with ratification of such protocols and to engage in dialogue in this regard with members of the zones."

REV 1 (Para 75): "The Conference reaffirms that existing nuclear-weapon-free zones contribute to the objectives of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, including the Antarctic Treaty, the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga), the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty), the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty), and the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia (Treaty of Semipalatinsk), as well as the nuclear-weapon-free status of Mongolia."

CHANGES:

  • Paragraph substantially shortened in Rev 1
  • Removed: "The Conference welcomes the vigorous efforts being made among States Parties and signatories to those treaties in order to promote their common objectives, including through bringing into effect the security assurances provided by the relevant protocols to the nuclear weapon-free zone treaties, and enhance the institutionalization, cooperation and consultations among the existing nuclear-weapon-free zones. In this connection, the Conference calls for the ratification and accession by nuclear-weapon States of the relevant protocols to nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to review any reservations or interpretative statements made in connection with ratification of such protocols and to engage in dialogue in this regard with members of the zones."

Paragraph 76 (Zero) → Para 76 (Rev 1) [NEW in Rev 1]

REV 1 ONLY: "The Conference welcomes the vigorous efforts being made among States Parties and signatories to those treaties in order to promote their common objectives, including through bringing into effect the security assurances provided by the relevant protocols to the nuclear weapon-free zone treaties, and enhance the institutionalization, cooperation and consultations among the existing nuclear-weapon-free zones. In this connection, the Conference calls for the ratification and accession by nuclear-weapon States of the relevant protocols to nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to review any reservations or interpretative statements made in connection with ratification of such protocols and to engage in dialogue in this regard with members of the zones."

CHANGES:

  • Content removed from Zero draft para 75 is given its own paragraph (76) in Rev 1

Paragraph 77 (Zero) → Para 77 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 76): "The Conference underlines the importance of the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones where they do not yet exist, especially in the Middle East."

REV 1 (Para 77): "The Conference underlines the importance of the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones where they do not yet exist, especially in the Middle East, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region s concerned and consistent with the principles and guidelines of the United Nations Disarmament Commission."

CHANGES:

  • Added: "on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region s concerned and consistent with the principles and guidelines of the United Nations Disarmament Commission"
  • Note: there is a typographical error "region s" (space between region and s)

Paragraph 78 (Zero) → Para 78 (Rev 1) - South Asia

ZERO DRAFT (Para 77): "The Conference expresses concern about other regions in Asia where nuclear stockpiles pose challenges to the nuclear non-proliferation regime and recalls the reaffirmation by previous Review Conferences of the importance of achieving universality of the Treaty."

REV 1 (Para 78): "The Conference expresses concern about nuclear stockpiles in South Asia that pose challenges to the nuclear non-proliferation regime and recalls the reaffirmation by previous Review Conferences of the importance of achieving universality of the Treaty."

CHANGES:

  • "other regions in Asia where nuclear stockpiles" → "nuclear stockpiles in South Asia that"

Paragraph 79 (Zero) → Para 79 (Rev 1) - Korean Peninsula

ZERO DRAFT (Para 78): "The Conference expresses its unwavering support for the complete, verifiable and irreversible denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, and reiterates its concern over the Democratic People's Republic of Korea nuclear weapons and delivery systems programmes, which undermine the global nuclear non-proliferation regime. The Conference reaffirms the importance of the relevant Security Council resolutions and their full implementation. The Conference recalls that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea cannot have the status of a nuclear-weapon State pursuant to the Treaty and calls on it to return at an early date to and fully comply with the Treaty and IAEA safeguards."

REV 1 (Para 79): "The Conference expresses its unwavering support for the complete, verifiable and irreversible denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, and reaffirms the importance of the relevant Security Council resolutions and their full implementation. The Conference recalls that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea cannot have the status of a nuclear-weapon State pursuant to the Treaty and calls on it to return at an early date to and fully comply with the Treaty and IAEA safeguards."

CHANGES:

  • Removed: "and reiterates its concern over the Democratic People's Republic of Korea nuclear weapons and delivery systems programmes, which undermine the global nuclear non-proliferation regime."
  • Changed "reaffirms the importance" (was second clause, now is first)

Paragraph 80 (Zero) → Para 80 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 79): "The Conference encourages the resolution of this issue through negotiations and diplomacy. The Conference reiterates the importance of maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and in north-east Asia at large and welcomes efforts by all States parties to facilitate a peaceful and comprehensive solution. The Conference calls on all parties concerned to make further efforts towards the resumption of dialogue and to work to reduce tensions on the Korean Peninsula."

REV 1 (Para 80): "The Conference encourages the resolution of this issue through negotiations and diplomacy. The Conference reiterates the importance of maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and in north-east Asia at large and welcomes efforts by all States parties to facilitate a peaceful and comprehensive solution. The Conference calls on all parties concerned to make further efforts towards the resumption of dialogue and to work to reduce tensions on the Korean Peninsula."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

ARTICLE IX SECTION (Universalization)

Paragraph 81 (Zero) → Para 81 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 80): "The Conference reaffirms the urgency and importance of achieving universality of the Treaty and calls upon:"

REV 1 (Para 81): "The Conference reaffirms the urgency and importance of achieving the universality of the Treaty and calls upon:"

CHANGES:

  • Added article: "the"

ARTICLE X SECTION (Withdrawal)

Paragraphs 82-83 (Zero) → Para 82-83 (Rev 1)

No substantive changes in this section.


MIDDLE EAST SECTION

Paragraph 84 (Zero) → Para 84 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 83): "The Conference reaffirms its commitment to the implementation of the Resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference, which remains valid until its goals and objectives are achieved. The 1995 Resolution, which is co-sponsored by the three depository States of the Treaty, is an essential element of the outcome of the 1995 Conference and of the basis on which the Treaty was indefinitely extended without a vote."

REV 1 (Para 84): "The Conference reaffirms its commitment to the implementation of the Resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference, which remains valid until its goals and objectives are achieved. The 1995 Resolution, which is co-sponsored by the three depository States of the Treaty, is an essential element of the outcome of the 1995 Conference and of the basis on which the Treaty was indefinitely extended without a vote."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

Paragraph 85 (Zero) → Para 85 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 84): "The Conference reaffirms its support for internationally recognized the nuclear-weapon-free zone that are established on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned and consistent with the principles and guidelines of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, and encourages all States in the region to take relevant steps and confidence-building measures to contribute to the realization of the objectives of the 1995 Resolution on the Middle East."

REV 1 (Para 85): "The Conference reaffirms its support for internationally recognized the nuclear-weapon-free zone that are established consistent with the principles and guidelines of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, and encourages all States in the region to take relevant steps and confidence-building measures to contribute to the realization of the objectives of the 1995 Resolution on the Middle East."

CHANGES:

  • Removed: "on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned and"

Paragraph 86 (Zero) → Para 86 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 85): "The Conference recalls the discussions among States Parties on matters related to the Resolution at successive Review Conferences. The Conference acknowledges the meetings of the Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction."

REV 1 (Para 86): "The Conference recalls the discussions among States Parties on matters related to the Resolution at successive Review Conferences. The Conference takes note of the progress at the six meetings of the Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction."

CHANGES:

  • "acknowledges the meetings" → "takes note of the progress at the six meetings"

STRENGTHENING REVIEW PROCESS SECTION

Paragraph 87 (Zero) → Para 87 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 86): "The Conference welcomes the convening of the working group on further strengthening the review process of the Treaty, which took place from 24 to 28 July 2023 and States parties' subsequent efforts to achieve this goal throughout the current cycle."

REV 1 (Para 87): "The Conference welcomes the convening of the working group on further strengthening the review process of the Treaty, which took place from 24 to 28 July 2023 and States parties' subsequent efforts to achieve this goal throughout the current cycle."

CHANGES:

  • No substantive changes

Paragraph 88 (Zero) → Para 88 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 87): "On the effectiveness and efficiency of the review process, the Conference notes the importance of strict time management and a rolling agenda to the efficient functioning of the review cycle. It recalls the need to ensure minimal duplication or overlap in the review of the Treaty and the importance of clear allocation of items to Main Committees and topics to Subsidiary Bodies, should they be established. It stresses the importance of the timely circulation of draft outcome elements to enable meaningful engagement by all States Parties."

REV 1 (Para 88): "On the effectiveness and efficiency of the review process, the Conference recommends to put into practice during future review cycles strict time management and to conduct proceedings on a rolling basis to promote the efficient functioning of the review cycle. It recalls the need to reduce duplication or overlap in the review of the Treaty and the importance of clear allocation of items to Main Committees and topics to Subsidiary Bodies, should they be established. It stresses the importance of the timely circulation of draft outcome elements to enable meaningful engagement by all States Parties."

CHANGES:

  • "notes the importance of strict time management and a rolling agenda to" → "recommends to put into practice during future review cycles strict time management and to conduct proceedings on a rolling basis to promote"
  • "ensure minimal duplication" → "reduce duplication"

Paragraph 89 (Zero) → Para 89 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 88): "On the coordination and continuity of the review process, the Conference notes the importance of the early election of office bearers of the Preparatory Committee and Review Conference and of regular exchanges between those office bearers to ensure coordination across the cycle. It notes the suggestion that the chair of each session of the Preparatory Committee should, under their own authority, prepare a report to be sent to the subsequent session of the Committee identifying areas of convergence and recommending areas of focused discussion by States Parties at the next session. It also underscores the importance of a handover between the incoming Preparatory Committee chairs and the outgoing President to ensure institutional knowledge transfer, and welcome efforts by the secretariat in this regard."

REV 1 (Para 89): "On the coordination and continuity of the review process, the Conference notes the importance of the early election of office bearers of the Preparatory Committee and Review Conference and of regular exchanges between those office bearers to ensure coordination across the cycle. It notes the suggestion that the chair of each session of the Preparatory Committee may, under their own authority, prepare an informal report to be sent to the subsequent session of the Committee identifying areas of convergence and recommending areas of focused discussion by States Parties at the next session. It also underscores the importance of a handover between the incoming Preparatory Committee chairs and the outgoing President to ensure institutional knowledge transfer, and welcome efforts by the secretariat in this regard."

CHANGES:

  • "should" → "may"
  • "prepare a report" → "prepare an informal report"

Paragraph 90 (Zero) → Para 90 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 89): "The Conference recalls the various proposals made to strengthen implementation of the Treaty through dedicated substantive engamenets on national implementation reports."

REV 1 (Para 90): "The Conference recognizes the benefit of early engagement by office bearers of the review process with States parties, especially in regional settings. The Conference recognizes the value of perspectives brought by a diverse range of stakeholders, including women and young people, in the review cycle."

CHANGES:

  • Completely different paragraph
  • Zero draft para 89 about substantive engagements moved/restructured
  • Rev 1 para 90 is new content about early engagement and stakeholder perspectives

Paragraph 91 (Zero) → Para 91 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 90): "In furtherance of actions 5, 20 and 21 of the 64-point Action Plan of 2010, inter alia, the Conference therefore decides that all nuclear-weapon States should present their national reports for consideration at the next Review Conference, and engage in in-person, interactive discussion and exchange of views on those reports with all States Parties. Such dialogue will address their implementation of all obligations and commitments under the Treaty, with a particular focus on the implementation of Article VI."

REV 1 (Para 91): "The Conference recalls the various proposals made to strengthen implementation of the Treaty through dedicated substantive engagements on national implementation reports."

CHANGES:

  • Zero draft para 90 moved to para 92 in Rev 1 (with modifications)
  • Rev 1 para 91 is the Zero draft para 89 (with typo fix: "engamenets" → "engagements")

Paragraph 92 (Zero) → Para 92 (Rev 1)

REV 1 (Para 92): "In furtherance of actions 5, 20 and 21 of the 64-point Action Plan of 2010, inter alia, the Conference welcomes the commitment by all nuclear-weapon States to present their national reports for consideration starting from the next review cycle, and engage in in-person, interactive discussion and exchange of views on those reports with all States Parties. Such dialogue will address their implementation of all obligations and commitments under the Treaty, with a particular focus on the implementation of Article VI while ensuring balanced consideration of all three pillars."

CHANGES:

  • "therefore decides that all nuclear-weapon States should" → "welcomes the commitment by all nuclear-weapon States to"
  • "for consideration at the next Review Conference" → "for consideration starting from the next review cycle"
  • Added: "while ensuring balanced consideration of all three pillars"

Paragraph 93 (Zero) → Para 93 (Rev 1)

ZERO DRAFT (Para 91): "The Conference decides that the presentation of national reports and participation in discussion and exchange of views on their national reports by non-nuclear weapon States will be on a strictly voluntary basis. Participation should be conducted on the basis of voluntary representation from each of the established Treaty regional groups."

REV 1 (Para 93): "The Conference decides that the presentation of national reports and participation in discussion and exchange of views on their national reports by non-nuclear weapon States will be on a voluntary basis. Participation should be conducted on the basis of voluntary representation from each of the established Treaty regional groups. The Conference calls on the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs to provide assistance, upon request, to non-nuclear-weapon States in the preparation of their national reports."

CHANGES:

  • "strictly voluntary basis" → "voluntary basis"
  • Added: "The Conference calls on the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs to provide assistance, upon request, to non-nuclear-weapon States in the preparation of their national reports."

SUMMARY OF MAJOR STRUCTURAL CHANGES

  1. Preamble restructuring: Two new preambular paragraphs added (xi on indefinite extension; xii on nuclear testing norm); original paragraph (viii) removed and content redistributed
  2. Article I & II: Nuclear sharing language significantly softened; removal of concerns about "new nuclear sharing arrangements"
  3. Safeguards/Iran section: Restructured with new opening on "unresolved outstanding safeguards issues"; removal of direct IAEA Board of Governors finding on Iran non-compliance; attacks on Iranian facilities removed
  4. Nuclear risk reduction (Article VI): Significant reordering and expansion, with human control and AI language strengthened
  5. New START: Major expansion calling for multilateralization of frameworks, not just bilateral successor
  6. CTBT: Added thirtieth anniversary recognition
  7. Weapon-free zones: Paragraph restructuring; softening of Middle East language
  8. Review process: Substantive changes to national reporting language, moving from "decides" to "welcomes commitment"; addition of UNODA assistance provision
  9. Overall tone: Some language shifts from stronger obligations to softer commitments (e.g., "calls on" → "encourages")
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    NPT 2026 Draft Outcome: Textual Changes Analysis | Claude